Pragmatics and Semantics
Many of the current philosophical approaches to pragmatics focus on semantics. Brandom, for example is focused on the significance of words (albeit from a pragmatic perspective).
Others adopt a more holistic approach to pragmatics, such as relevance theory, that aims to understand how an expression is understood by the hearer. This method tends to overlook other aspects of pragmatics, for instance, epistemic discussions about truth.
What is pragmatism, exactly?
Pragmatism offers an alternative to continental philosophy and analytic philosophy. It was initiated by Charles Sanders Peirce. It was extended by his friend and colleague William James, and later developed by Josiah Royce. It was influential in a variety of areas of inquiry ranging from theology to philosophy of science, but also found a place in ethics as well as philosophy of language, aesthetics, and social theory. The pragmatist tradition continues grow.
The pragmatic principle is at the heart of classical pragmatics. It is a principle that clarifies the meaning of hypotheses through their 'practical implications', or their implications for the experience of specific situations. This creates an epistemological view that is a type of 'inquiry-based epistemology', and an anti-Cartesian explication of the rules that govern inquiry. Early pragmatists were divided over whether pragmatism was a science-based philosophy that was based on the view that truth is a monism (following Peirce) or a broad alethic pluralitism (James & Dewey).
How to understand knowledge is a major concern for the pragmatists. Certain pragmatists, like Rorty are likely to be skeptical of knowledge that is based on a foundation of 'immediate experiences. Others, such as Peirce or James, are skeptical of the theory of correspondence, which holds that true beliefs are those that accurately reflect reality.
Pragmatism also examines the connection between beliefs, reality and human rationality. It examines the importance of values and virtues and the meaning and purpose of existence. Pragmatists have also developed a range of methods and ideas, including those in semiotics and the philosophy of language. They also study topics like philosophy of religion, philosophy, ethics, science and theology. Some, like Peirce and Royce, are epistemological relativists, whereas others contend that this kind of relativism is seriously misguided. A resurgence of the interest in classical pragmatism in the latter part of the 20th century led to a variety of new developments, including the 'near-side' pragmatics which is concerned with resolution of confusion and ambiguity and the use of proper names, indexicals, demonstratives and anaphors as well as a 'far-side pragmatics that focuses on the semantics of discourses.
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Semantics and Pragmatics are often thought of as being at opposite ends of the continuum, with semantics on the near side and pragmatics on the other. Carston for instance, claims that modern pragmatics follows at least three main lines: those who see it as a philosophy in the vein of Grice and those who concentrate on its interaction with grammar, and those who are concerned with the interpretation of utterances. Near-side pragmatics is thought to encompass issues such as the clarification of ambiguity or vagueness in reference to proper names, indexicals and demonstratives, anaphors and presupposition. It is also believed to cover some questions that require precise descriptions.
What is the connection between pragmatics and semantics?
The study of pragmatics is the study and application of meanings in language within a context. It is a part of linguistics that examines the way people employ language to convey various meanings. It is often compared to semantics, which studies the literal meaning of words within a sentence or broader chunk of conversation.
The relationship between pragmatics, semantics and their interrelationships is a complex one. The main difference is that pragmatics considers other aspects besides literal meanings of words, including the intended meaning as well as the context the statement was made. This gives a more naive understanding of the meaning behind an expression. Semantics also focuses on the relationship between words, whereas pragmatics is more focused on the relationship between interlocutors as well as their context.
In recent decades the neopragmatism movement been heavily focused on metaphilosophy as well as the philosophy of language. It has left behind the metaphysics and value theories of classical pragmatism. However, a few neopragmatists are trying to create a metaethics based on classical pragmatism's ideas of pragmatics and experiences.
Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and others were the first to introduce classical pragmatism. Both were influential thinkers who wrote numerous books. Their work is still highly thought of to this day.
While pragmatism is an alternative to the traditional analytic and continental philosophical traditions but it's not without its critics. For instance some philosophers have claimed that pragmatism is simply a form of deconstructionism and is not a new philosophical approach.
In addition to these criticisms, pragmatism itself has been questioned by scientific and technological developments. Pragmatists, for example, have struggled to reconcile their beliefs on science and the the theory of evolution which was conceived by Richard Dawkins, a non-pragmatist.
Despite these challenges the pragmatism movement continues to grow in popularity across the globe. It is a third alternative to Continental and analytic philosophical traditions, and it has a variety of practical application. It is a growing area of inquiry, with numerous schools of thought forming and incorporating pragmatism's principles into their own philosophical framework. There are a variety of resources available to help you learn more about pragmatism and how you can incorporate it into your daily life.